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Libros
R. Segura Cardona
Nociones de físicoquímica para estudiantes de Ciencias de la salud
18 i 28 edició: Editorial Espaxs, Barcelona 1968, 1971; 38 edició:
Salvat editores, Barcelona 1980, 1987; 302 p
W.M. Stanley, J. Casals, J. Oró y R. Segura
Virus y cáncer: Homenaje a F. Durán Reynals; Edición: SEB, Barcelona
1971 ; 452 pp
Advances in Chromatography 1981
Zlatkis, R. Segura and L.S. Ettre (eds)
Chromatography Symposium, Houston (Texas) 1981; 591 pp
R. Segura Cardona
Prácticas de Fisiología
Masson I Salvat (editores), Barcelona 1987 (18 edició), 1987 i 1994
(reimpressions)
J.Oró, C. Cuchillo, E. Querol, R. Segura y P. Suau (editors)
Virus, oncogenes y cáncer; Publicaciones UAB, Barcelona 1988; 223 pp
R. Segura Cardona (1989)
Ejercicio Físico y Fatiga
Monografías Médicas Jano, Vol. 3, No 8, Octubre 1989
Segura Cardona, R. (1989).
Physical Exercise and Fatigue.
R. Segura Cardona
Exercici físic i salut
Departament de Sanitat i Seguretat Social; Generalitat de Catalunya,
Barcelona 1991; 48 pp
A. Estruch, J. Galilea, G. Rodas, F. Rodríguez, E. Roure, E. Saltó, A.
Santaularia, R. Segura, C. Vallbona
Guía per a la promoci6 de la salud per mitjà de l'activitat física
Departament de Sanitat i Seguretat Social
Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona 1993; 128 pp
R. Segura, S. Web, J.L. Tovar y C. Gausí
Los minerales y la salud
Plaza y Janés (editores), Barcelona 2000; 391 pp
R. Segura Cardona
Diccionario Terminológico de Ciencias Médicas
Contribució als temes de Bioquímica i Fisiología
Salvat Editores, Barcelona 1984; 1209 pp
R. Segura Cardona
Diccionario médico Roche
Versió espanyola de la primera edició en alemany (varios autors)
Ediciones Doyma, Barcelona 1993; 2413pp
R. Segura Cardona
Versió espanyola del Texto y atlas de Fisiología (Autors: A.
Despopoulos y S. Silbernagl)
Mosby/Doyma Libros, Barcelona 1994; 366 pp
Segura, R. (2008).
àcids Grassos Omega-3: els àcids Grassos Perduts
i, ara, Retrobats?
Discurs d’ingrès llegit per l’Acadèmic Electe el día 28 de setembre de
2008
REIAL ACADèMIA DE MEDICINA DE CATALUNYA
Omega-3 Fatty Acids: the fatty acids lost and now re-finded
Capítulos de libros
R. Segura
Vitaminas y sus principales propiedades.
"Diccionario Terminológico de Ciencias Médicas"
Salvat editores.-Barcelona
R. Segura and A.M. Gotto
Lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities in renal disease.
"The Kidney in Systemic Disease {W.N. Suki and G. Eknoyan, eds)
John Wiley & Sons, New York 1976; 159-200
R. Segura
Análisis cuantitativo por medio de cromatografía
espectrofluoromé trigo .
"Avances en Bioquímica" (Homenaje a Severo Ochoa)
(L. Cornudella, C.F. Heredia, J. Oró y A. Sois, eds)
Salvat editores, Barcelona 1977; -593
J.D. Morrisett. H.J. Pownall. R.L. Jackson. R. Segura, A.M. Gotto and
O.D. Taunton
Effects of polyunsaturated and saturated fat diets on the chemical
composition and the notropic
properties of human plasma lipoproteins.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids.' ( W.H. Kunau and R. T. Holman, eds)
Publications of the America Oil Chemists' Society. Champaign 1977;
139-161
R. Segura
Bioquímica del sistema nervioso central.
"Enfermedades del sistema nervioso central" (M. Balcells, ed)
Hospital del Sagrado Corazón, Barcelona 1981; 9-32
R. Segura, X. Navarro
Use of metal salts as fluorescence-inducing reagents in thin-Iayer
chromatography.
"Adavances in Chromatography 1981D (A. Zlakis, R. Segura and L.E.
Ettre, eds)
Chromatography Symposium, Hosuton 1986 : 319-330.
V. Valle, S. Martín-Ayuso y R. Segura
Fisiología clínica cardiocirculatoria
"Cardiología- (F. Bayés y J. Soler, eds)
Ediciones Doyma, Barcelona 1986; 28-58
R. Segura
Los ejercicios prácticos en la ense?anza de la medicina.
"Seminarios Salvat de Medicina"
Salvat editores, Barcelona 1986
R. Segura
Composición y estructura de las lipoproteínas.
"Lipoproteínas plasmáticas y arteriosclerosis coronaria (varios
autores)
Editorial MCR, Barcelona 1987; 29-71
R. Segura
La pasta en la alimentación del deportista.
"La pasta como alimento en la salud y la enfermedad" (varios autores)
Academia espa?ola de la pasta, Barcelona 1988; 57-81
R. Segura
Estrés y fisiología cardiovascular en la cardiopatía isquémica.
"Estrés y cardiopatía coronaria" (M. Valdés, T. De Flores y S. García,
eds.
Alamex s.A., Barcelona 1988; 37-55
R. Segura
? Cómo inf1uye la alimentación en el rendimiento deportivo ? .
"Nutrición e investigación" (varios autores)
CAPS, Barcelona 1988; 1-10
R. Segura
Análisis of Ionic and Neutral Lipids by Mono-dimensional Thin-layer
Chromatography and "in
situ" Spectrofluorometry.
"Instrumental Thin-layer Chromatography I Planar Chromatography" (R.
Kaiser, ed.)
Hüthig VerlaQ, Heidelberg,1989; 211-216
R. Segura
Las prostaglandinas como reguladores químicos de la presión arterial.
"II Jornadas sobre Hipertensión Arterial" (varios autores)
Societat Catalana de Hipertensió Arterial, Barcelona 1990; 56-85
R. Segura
Introducción al metabolismo de los principios inmediatos.
"Medicina Interna (Farreras/Rozman)
Ediciones DOYMA, Barcelona 1991; 1771-1787
R. Segura
Enfermedades del sistema cardiovascular.
"Manual de Nutrición y dietética" {varios autores )
Consejo General de Colegios Farmacéuticos, Barcelona 1992; 584-611
R. Segura
Acidos grasos y rendimiento deportivo.
"Advances in Sports Nutrition"
I World Congreso on Sports Nutrition
Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia I Consejo General de Deportes,
Barcelona 1992; 93-115
R. Segura
Alimentaci6n y deporte.
"Programa de formación permanente'.
Federación Farmacéutica, Barcelona 1992 ~: 1-15
R. Segura
Fatty Acids and Physical Exercise.
"Sports and Exercise in Midlife" (S.l. Gordon, X. González- Mestre,
W.E. Garret, eds)
American Society of Orthopedic Surgeons, Baltimore 1993; 345-361
E. Garrido, C. Javierre, A. Capdevila, J. Pujol, J.L. Ventura y R.
Segura
Neuroimagen cerebral en Sherpas del Himalaya expuestos a extrema
altitud.
"Avances en Medicina de Monta?a" 1995; 125-130
R. Segura Cardona
Alimentación y deporte
"Nutrición y dietética clínica" (J.Salas, A. Bonada, R. Trallero y
M.E. Saló, eds)
Doyrna libros, Barcelona 2000; 119-135
Segura Cardona, R. (2000).
Nutrition and Sport.
c. Javierre, J.L. Ventura, R. Segura, M8.A. Lizarraga y E. Garrido
Ritmos circadianos y deporte.
"Ejercicio físico y estrés medioambiental" (J.L. Chicharro, ed)
Boehringer Ingelheim, Madrid 2000; 103-121
R. Segura
Bioquímica del tejido conjuntivo y del tejido muscular.
"Lecciones básicas de biomecánica del aparato locomotor" (A. Viladot y
cols.
Springer Verlag-Ibérica, Barcelona 2001; 15-41
R. Segura, C. Javierre, M.A. Lizarraga y J.L. Ventura
Hidratación-deshidratación y rendimiento deportivo
"Salud integral del deportista" (J.R. Serra Grima, ed.)
Springer Verlag-lbérica, Barcelona 2001; 39-56
Segura Cardona, R. (2001).
Hydration-dehydration and Sport Performance
R. Segura
Nutrición y deporte.
"Nutrición en atención primaria" {varios autores)
Novartis, Madrid 2001; 115-129
J.L. Ventura, N. Balagué, C. Javierre, E. Garrido, M. Calvo y R.
Segura
Respuesta cardiovascular al ejercicio físico en ni?os sanos.
"Actividad física en la infancia y aparato cardiovascular" (J.R. Serra
Grima, ed)
Masson, Barcelona 2001
R. Segura
Pescados y mariscos.
"Guías alimentarias para la población espanola" (varios autores)
IM&C, S.A. I SENC 2001; 29-44
R. Segura y C. Javierre
Anatomía y fisiología cardíaca.
"Fisiopatología y técnicas de circulación extracorpórea"
Barcelona 2003
R. Segura
Alimentació i energia: la dictadura del metabolisme
"Saber popular i alimentació" (varios autors)".
Biblioteca Univesitaria -Universitat de Barcelona, 2004 105-133.
R. Segura, C. Javierre y M.A. Lizarraga
Componentes minoritarios de los frutos secos
En "Frutos secos y culturas mediterráneas". J. Salas, E. Ros y J.
Sabaté eds
Fundación Nucís, Reus, 2005 pp 201-229
Artículos en Revistas Científicas
P. García de Jalón, R. Segura, L. Lastra Santos
Inhibición "in vitro" de polipéptidos úteroactivos por los extractos de
diversos órganos.
Actas de la Sociedad Espa?ola de Ciencias
Fisiológicas, 1961 : 151-154
R. Segura
Inhibición de la angiotensina, de la bradicinina y de
la oxitocina por extractos de órganos
diversos. R. esp. Fisiol.,
1964: 27-35
R. Segura, K. Soehring
Dünnschichtchromatographischer nachweiss
kleinster mengen von katecholaminen und deren
derivaten. Med. Exp.,
1964 .1Q: 251-257
R. Segura, C. Benasco, S. Vidal Sivilla
Análisis cromatográfico
en capa fina del colesterol y de sus ésteres presentes en el suero
humano. Actas de la Sociedad Espa?ola de Ciencias Fisiológicas 1964 ~:
183-185
C. Benasco, R. Segura
Análisis del colesterol y de sus ésteres
presentes en la piel humana.
Actas de la Sociedad Espa?ola de
Ciencias Fisiológicas 1964 : 187-190
R. Segura, K. Soehring
Método para separar e identificar
catecolaminas y sus derivados por cromatograffa en capa fina
Actas de
la Sociedad Espa?ola de Ciencias Fisiológicas 1964 Ylli: 191-193
R. Segura
Método de separación de los pigmentos biliares del
suero por cromatografla en capa fina sobre
poliamida. R. esp.
Fisiol., 1966
R. Segura
Fluorescencia de catecolaminas y sus derivados por
medio de condensación con formaldehido.
Actas de la Sociedad Espa?ola
de Ciencias Fisiológicas 1967 : 95-99
R. Segura
Aplicación y utilidad de diversos tejidos como soportes
del absorbente para la cromatografía en
capa fina. Actas de la
Sociedad Espa?ola de Ciencias Fisiológicas 1967 : 313-317
J.L.
Cashaw, R. Segura, A. Zlatkis
The development and characterization of
a new micro-adsorption detector for supercritical fluid
chomatography. J. Chrom. Sci., 1970 : 313-317
R. Segura, J. Oró, A. Zlatkis
Resolution of steroid glucoronides
by thin-layer chromatography on polyamide.
J. Chrom. Sci., 1970.:
449-451
R. Segura, O. Cardús
Fluorescence of lipid compounds reacted with
antimony trichloride on thin-layer chromatograms.
Fed. Proc., 1972 :
3472
M. Novotny, R. Segura. A. Zlatkis
High-temperature
gas-chromatographic separations using glass-capillary columns and
carbonate stationary phases. Anal. Chem.. 1972 : 9-14
R. Segura, D. Cardús
Improved separation and quantitation of
plasma cholesteryl esters by thin layer chromatography
using
contnuous development and spectrofluorometry. The Physiologist. 1972
.1§: 261
R. Segura, E. Stahl
Propuestas para la normalización de
procedimientos y de terminología empleados en
cromatografía en capa
fina. 1974 M: 11-18/167-174
R. Segura, A.M. Gotto
A new fluorometric procedure for the
detection and quantitation of organic compounds in thin-
layer
chromatography. J. Chromatog. 1974 ~: 643-647
O.D. Taunton, J.D. Morrisett, R. Segura, H.J. Pownall, R.l. Jackson,
A.M. Gotto
Effect of dietary fatty acid composition on lipoprotein
structure.. Circulation, 1974
G.R. Thompson, R. Segura, H. Hoff, A.M. Gotto
Influence of
exogenous fat on the metabolism of low density lipoproteins (LDL) in
man: possible
mechanism for rise in LDL after intravenous fat. J.
Clin. Invest., 1974: 80a
G.R. Thompson, R. Segura, H. Hoff., A.M. Gotto
Contrasting
effects on plasma lipoproteins of intravenous versus oral administration
of a
triglyceride-phospholipid emulsion. Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 1975:
373-384
R. Segura, A.M. Gotto
Lipid determination in microquantities of
plasma using thin1ayer-chromatography and ~
spectrofluorometry. Clin.
Chem., 1975 m: 991
R. Segura
Comparative studies on plasma low density lipoproteins
from pig and man.
Comp. Biochem. & Physiol., 1976 : R. Segura, X.
Navarro
Use of metal salts as fluorescence-inducing reagents in
thin-layer chromatography.
J. Chromatog., 1981 m: 329-340
R. Segura
Lípidos, plaquetas y endotelio vascular.
Biol. Clin.
Hematológica, 1982, 1
L. Sanvicente, S. Martín, X. Navarro, M. Murtra, R. Segura, M. Petit
Quilopericardio aislado idiopático. Diagnóstico y tratamiento, a
propósito de un caso.
R. esp. Cardiol., 1982 : 289-291
R. Rossell. R. Segura
Composición en ácidos grasos de los
fosfolípidos de las plaquetas de diabéticos en
comparación con las de
los individuos normales. Endocrinología, 1982
R. Rossell, R. Gomis, R. Casamitjana, R. Segura, E. Vilardell, F.
Rivera
Extracción hepática de insulina en la obesidad: alteraciones
en relación con los niveles de
insulinemia. Endocrinología, 1982
L. Font, M. Vi?allonga, J. López-Batllori, R. Segura
Composición
en ácidos grasos de los fosfolípidos de las plaquetas de diabéticos en
comparación con la de individuos normales. Endocrinología, 1982: 121
R. Rossell, M. Vi?allonga, R. Segura
Acidos grasos integrantes de
los lípidos plasmáticos y del tejido adiposo. Estudio comparativo
entre sujetos obesos y sujetos normopeso. Endocrinología, 1982
R. Rossell, R. Gomis, R. Casamitjana, R. Segura, E. Vilardell, F.
Rivera
Reduced hepatic insulin extraction in obesity: relationship
with plasma insulin levels.
J. Clin. Endoc. Metabol., 1983 : 608-611
R. Segura
Prostaglandinas y leucotrienos. Med. Clin., 1983, 1:
678-687
R. Segura
Nutrición, deporte y obesidad. Apuntes de Medicina
deportiva, 1986 : 197-207
J.M. Arqué, R. Segura, R. Torrubia
Correlation of Thyroxine and
Thyroid-stimulating Hormones with Personality Measurements: A
Study
in Psychosomatic Patients and in Healthy Adults. Neuropsychobiology,
1987 1§.: 127 -133
X. Navarro, R. Segura
Plasma Lipids and Fatty Acids in Multiple
Sclerosis. Neurology, 1987 37 (Sup I}: 298
R. Segura
Cambios en la composición de los lípidos de membrana en
las células neoplásicas.
R. Reial Acad. Med. Catlunya, 1987 : 53-56
X. Navarro, R. Segura
Alteraciones de los ácidos grasos de los
hematíes en la esclerosis múltiple.
Neurología, 1987 2 (supl): 34-35
J. Reig, E. Domingo, R. Segura, J.L. Tovar, M. Vi?allonga, C. Arús
Influencia de la composición lipídica de la dieta en la actividad
bioeléctrica del miocardio de
rata. R. esp. Cardiol., 1987 40 (SuDI):
97
R. Segura
Preparation of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters by Direct
Transesterification of Lipids with
Aluminum/Chloride Methanol. J.
Chromatog., 1988 .411: 99-113
X. Navarro, J.D. Ca?ete, J. Prat, A. de Leiva, R. Segura
Fatty
Acids of Plasma and Red Blood Gel/ Lipids in a Normal Population.
R.
esp. Fisiol., 1988 : 387-394
X. Navarro, R. Segura
Plasma Lipids and their Fatty Acid
Composition in Multiple Sclerosis.
Acta Neurol. Scand., 1988 :
152-157
R. Segura, J.L. Ventura
Effect of L- Tryptophan Supplementation
on Exercise Performance.
Int. J. Sports Med., 1988 : 301-305
X. Navarro, R. Segura
Red Blood Gel Fatty Acids in Multiple
Sclerosis.
Acta Neurol. Scand., 1989 : 32-37
J. Cabrol, x. Navarro, J. Simó-Deu, R. Segura
Determinación del
reflujo duodeno-gástrico mediante la cuantificación de los ácidos
biliares del
jugo gástrico. R. esp. Fisiol. 1989, 4: 21-26
J. Prat, R. Pamplona, A. Sorribas, S. Martín, M. Vi?allonga, R.
Segura
Correlation of Plasma Lipid Fractions with calorimetrically
determined Glycated Hemoglobin in a
Non-diabetic Population.
Metabolism, 1989 : 1147-1153
J. Cabrol, X. Navarro, J. Simó-Deu, R. Segura
Intragastric Bile
Acids in Patients with Gastric Ulcer and with Gastric Cancer.
Dig.
Surg, 1989 .1Q: 9-12
R. Segura, J.L. Ventura
Efecto del Tript6fano sobre el
rendimiento físico.
Apuntes de Medicina deportiva, 1989 41: 118-122
J. Cabrol, X. Navarro, J. Simó-Deu, R. Segura
Estudio del reflejo
duodenogástrico en la úlcera duodenal no complicada.
Acta chirurg.
Cat., 1989 Q: 171-175
J. Cabrol, X. Navarro, J. Simó-Deu, R. Segura
Evaluation of the
Duodenogastric Reflux in Gallstones Disease before and after Simple
Cholecystectomy. Am. J. Surg., 1990 1§Q: 283-286
J. Cabrol, X. Navarro, J. Simó-Deu, R. Segura
Bile Reflux in
Postoperative Alkaline Ref1ux Gastritis.
Ann. Surg. 1990 m: 239-245
R. Segura
?Cómo influye la alimentación en el rendimiento del
deportista?
El Farmacéutico, 1991 : 51-59
E. Escrich, R. Segura
Mecanismo de acción de los lípidos de la
dieta sobre el cáncer de mama.
R. Senol. Pato. Mamaria, 1991 :
252-273
E. Escrich, R. Segura
Factores de la dieta y cáncer de mama.
R. Senol. Pato. Mamaria, 1991 §: 86-96
R. Segura
Les prostaglandines com a reguladors químics de la
pressió arterial.
Ann. Med., 1991 II: 37-38
E. Escrich, J. Muntané, T. Ribalta, J. Colom, M. Solanas, R. Segura
Efectos de una dieta hiperlipídica sobre la carcinogénesis mamaria
experimental: contenido y
tipo de tumores. Neoplasia, 1992 ~: 54-57
R. García-Closas, L. Serra-Majem, R. Segura
Fish consumption,
úJ-3 Fatty Acids and the Mediterranean Diet.
Eur. J. Clin. Nutr.,
1993 : S-85 -S-90
R. Segura, P. Mestre, S. Bustamante
Formación ultra rápida de
ésteres metílicos de ácidos grasos a partir de distintas clases de
lípidos por transesterificaci6n activada por micro-ondas.
Técnicas de
laboratorio, 1993 1Q: 631
J. Reig, E. Domingo, J.L. Tovar, M. Vi?allonga, R. Segura
Rat
Myocardial Tissue Lipids and their Effect on Ventricular Electrical
Activity: Influence of
Dietary Lipids. Cardiovasc. Res., 1993 ll:
364-370
E. Escrich, M. Solanas, R. Segura
Experimental Diets for the
Study of Lipid Influence on the induced Mammary Carcinoma in Rats:
Diet deflnition. In vivo, 1994 §.: 1099-1106
E. Escrich, M. Solanas, M.C. Ruiz de Villa, T. Ribalta, J. Muntané,
R. Segura
Experimental Diets for the Study of Lipid Influence on the
induced Mammary Carcinoma in Rats:
11- Suitability of the Diets. In
vivo, 1994 §: 1107 -1112
E. Domingo, J. Reig, R. Armengol. R. Segura
Comparison of the
Influence of Dietary Saturated Fat and Aging in the Lipid Composition
and
Bioelectric Activity of Rat Myocardium. Cardiol. Elderly. 1994
.f.: 485-496
J.L. Ventura, A. Estruch, G. Rodas, R. Segura
Effect of prior
Ingestion of Glucose or Fructose on the Performance of Exercises of
intermittent
duration. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 1994 : 345-348
E. Garrido, R. Segura, A. Capdevila, J. Aldomá, F. Rodríguez, C.
Javierre, J.L. Ventura
New Evidence from Magnetic Resonance Imaging
of Brain Changes after Climbs at Extreme
Altitude. Eur. J. Appl.
Physiol., 1995 ZQ: 477-481
C. Javierre, M. Calvo, A. Diez, E. Garrido. R. Segura, J.L. Ventura
Influence of Sleep and Meal Schedules on Performance Peaks in
Competitive Sprinters.
Int. J. Spor1s Med., 1995 11: 404-408.
E. Garrido, R. Segura, A. Capdevila, J. Pujol, C. Javierre, J.L.
Ventura
Are Himalayan Sherpas better protected against Brain Damage
associated with Extreme
Altitude Climbs? Clin. Sci., 1996, 90: 81-85
R. Segura, C. Javierre. J.L. Ventura, M.A. Lizarraga, B. Campos, E.
Garrido
A New Approach to the assessment of Anaerobic Metabolism:
Measurement of Lactate in
Saliva. Brit. J. Sports Med., 1996 :
305-309
C. Javierre, J.L. Ventura, R. Segura, M. Calvo, E. Garrido
Is the
Post-lunch Dip in Sprinting Performance associated with the timing
ingestion?
J. Physiol. Biochem., 1996 §l: 247-254
Garrido, E.,
Rodas, G., Javierre, C., Segura, R., Estruch, A., Ventura, J.L.
Cardiorespiratory response to exercise in elite Sherpa climbers
transferred to sea level.
Medicine
and science in sports and exercise (Baltimore, Md.) 29 (7), July 1997,
937-942.
Respuesta cardiorespiratoria al
ejercicio en escaladores Sherpas de élite trasladados al nivel del mar.
Tesis:
Altitud y riesgo neurológico: alpinistas europeos
versus sherpas del Himalaya
G. Rodas, G. Ercilla, C.
Javierre, E. Garrido, M. Calvo, R. Segura, J.L. Ventura
Could the
A2AII Human Leukocyte Antigen Locus
correlate with maximal Aerobic Power?
Clin. Sci., 1997 : 331-332
c. Javierre, M.A. Lizarraga, J.L. Ventura, E. Garrido, R. Segura
Creatine supplementation does not improve Physical Performance in a 150
m Race.
J. Physiol. Biochem., 1997 : 343-348
C. Javierre, J.L. Ventura, R. Segura, M. Calvo, E. Garrido
Is
Physical Training a Good Synchronizer of the Perfonnance Race ? .
J.
Physiol. Biochem., 1997 : 239-246
M. Estorch. R. Serra-Grima, I. Carri6, A. Flotats, M.A. Lizarraga,
L. Berna, T. Prats. R. Segura
Influence of prolonged Exercise on
Myocardial Distribution of /-123 MIBG in Long Distance
Running. J.
Nuclear Cardiol.. 1997 .1: 396-402
I. Pérez-Guerra, R. Segura, J. Canela
Relation between Childhood
Blood Pressure and Parents Ocupation.
Int. J. Psychophysiol., 1997 :
22-23
Garrido E, Javierre C, Capdevila A, Pujol J, Ventura JL, Segura R.
Neuroimagen cerebral en nativos del Himalaya expuestos a extrema
altitud.
ARCHIVOS DE MEDICINA DEL DEPORTE, 1997; 14: 349.
Javierre C, Lizarraga MA, Ventura JL, Garrido E, Segura R.
Saliva
lactate correlates with blood lactate and can be used as a procedure for
monitoring the metabolic response to different workloads.
J Physiol
Biochem 1997; 53:73.
G. Rodas, M. Calvo, A. Estruch, E. Garrido,
G. Ercilla, A. Arcas, R. Segura, J.L. Ventura
Heritability of running
Economy: A Study made in Twin Brothers.
Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 1998
II: 511-516
G. Rodas, C. Javierre, E. Garrido, R. Segura, J.L. Ventura
Normoxic Ventilatory Response in Lowlander and Sherpa Elite Climbers.
Resp. Physiol., 1998, 113: 57-64
J. Feliu, J.L. Ventura, R. Segura, G. Rodas, J. Riera, A. Estruch,
A. Zamora, L. Capdevila
Differences between Lactate Concentration of
Samples from Ear-lobe and Finger-tip.
J. Physiol. Biochem., 1999:
333-340
c. Biehl, R. Segura, G. Rodas, J.L. Ventura
Comparison of fhe
Basal Mefabolic Rafe among Champions of two Nationalities in Olympic and
World Games. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 1999 ~: S-909
C. Javierre, M.A. Lizarraga, R. Segura
Fisiología de l'aparell
digestiu. Quaderns didàctics Cienc. Apli. Esport, 1999 1l: 15-21
R. Segura, M.A. Lizarraga, C. Javierre
Consideraciones fundamentales
sobre la dieta y el ejercicio físico.
Actividad dietética, 1999.§:
7-15
E. Garrido, C. Javierre, J.L. Ventura, R. Segura
Hallucinalory
Experiences al High Altitude. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychol. Behav,
Neurolo, 2000 : 148
R. Segura
Nutrición y deporte. Salud rural, 2000, 111-120
E.
Escrich, M. Solanas, M. Soler, M.C. Ruiz de Villa, J.A. Sánchez, R.
Segura
Dietary Polyunsaturated n-6 Lipids Effects on the Growth and
Fatty Acid Composition of Rat
Mammary Tumors. J. Nutr. Biochem.. 2001
~: 536-549
R. Segura
Características más destacadas de los nutrientes que
forman parte de la dieta mediterránea y
sus efectos sobre la salud.
Ponencia sobre "Dieta Mediterránea". Senado, Madrid, 2002
R. Segura
Deporte, nutrición y cambios bioquímicos.
Actas Soc.
esp. Bioquímica Clin. y Patol. Mol., 2002 22 pp
R. Segura
Ayudas ergogénicas.
Actes del Congrés de la Societat
Catalana de Medicina de l'Esport. 2002 15 pp
J. Vidal, C. Javierre, F.J. Curiá, E. Garrido, M.A. Lizarraga, R.
Segura
Long-tenn Evolution of Blood Lipid profiles and Glycemic
levels after Spinal Cord Injury.
Spinal Cord, 2003 .41: 178-181.
J. Vidal, C. Javierre, M.A. Lizarraga, J.R. Barbany, R. Segura
Physiological Adaptations to Exercise in People with Spinal Cord Injury.
J. Phsiol. Biochem., 2003: 11-18
E. Garrido, C. Javierre, R. Segura, J.L. Ventura
ECG of a Record
Everest Sherpa Climber.
High Altitude Med. Biol., 2003 .4: 259-260
Segura, R. (2003).
Sobre-Entrenamiento.
XIV Jornadas
Médicas de la Asociación Espa?ola de Baloncesto.
Segura, R. (2003). Over-training. XIV
Medical Conferences of the Spanish Association of Basketball.
C. Javierre, J.R. Barbany, V.M. Bonjorn, A.A. Lizarraga, J.L.
Ventura and R. Segura
Creatine supplementation and perfonnance in 6
consecutives 60 meter sprints.
J. Physiol. Biochem. 2004 Q : 265-272
R. Segura
Acidos grasos omega-3 en la promoción de la salud y la
prevención de las enfermedades del
sistema cardiovascular. Fundació
Institut Guttmann, 2004, 6-10
Garrido E, Javierre C, Segura R, Ventura JL.
Sherpas.
NATIONAL
GEOGRAPHIC, 2004; 14: (forum).
C. Javierre, J. Vidal, R. Segura, J.
Medina and E. Garrido
Continual supplementation with n-3 fatty acids
does not modify plasma lipid profile in spinal
cord injury patients.
Spinal Cord, 2005 .A : 1-4
Javierre C, García A, Alegre J, Morales A, Garrido E, Soriano T,
Segura R.
Respuestas fisiológicas en el ejercicio con brazos y
piernas en pacientes diagnosticados de síndrome de fatiga crónica.
REVISTA CLíNICA ESPA?OLA, 2005; 21: 293-294.
C. Javierre. J. Vidal. R. Segura, M.A. Lizarraga. J. Medina and J.L.
Ventura
Supplementation with n-3 Fatty Acids (DHA and EPA) and
Physical Perfonnance in Spinal Cord
injured Patients. Spinal Cord
,2006 (en procés d'avaluació pel comité editorial)
Suárez A, Javierre
C, Ventura JL, Garrido E, Barbany JR, Segura R.
Diferencias
interindividuales en las concentraciones de cortisol plasmático tras una
hora de ejercicio mixto aeróbico-anaeróbico.
APUNTES DE MEDICINA DEL
DEPORTE, 2007; 153: 7-12.
Javierre C, Vidal J, Segura R, Lizarraga MA, Medina J, Ventura JL.
(2006). The effect of
supplementation with n-3 fatty acids on the physical performance in
subjects with spinal cord injury.
J Physiol Biochem. Dec;62(4):271-9.
Segura, R. (2008).
Entrevista sobre Alimentación y Tecnología (pdf)
TECA (Asociación Catalana de Ciencias de la
Alimentación), núm 13 (diciembre 2008), p- 46-48
Interview on Nutrition and Technology
Segura R, Javierre C, Lizarraga MA, Ros E.
(2006). "Other relevant components
of nuts: phytosterols, folate and minerals".
Br J Nutr Nov;96
Suppl 2:S36-44. Erratum in: Br J Nutr. 2008 Feb;99(2):447-8.
Viscor G, Javierre C, Pagès T, Ventura JL, Ricart A, Martin-Henao G,
Azqueta C, Segura R. (2009).
"Combined intermittent hypoxia and surface muscle electrostimulation as
a method to increase peripheral blood progenitor cell concentration". J
Transl Med Oct
29;7:91.
R. Segura, C. Javierre and M.A. Lizarraga
Other important
components: Phystosterons, fosfates and minerals.
"Nuts and health".
(Revisió sobre el paper dels fruits secs en la salut). Brit. J. Nutr.
(publicació prevista pel 2006)
International Physical Activity Questionnaire
Reliability and validity in a Spanish population
European
Journal of Sport Science, Volume 10, Issue 5 September 2010 , pages 297
- 304
Andrea Suarez, Elisabet Guillamo, Teresa Roig, Alicia Blazquez, Jose
Alegre, Jordi Bermudez, Josep Lluis Ventura, Ana Maria Garcia-Quintana,
Agusti Comella, Ramon Segura, and Casimiro Javierre (2010).
Nitric Oxide Metabolite Production During Exercise in Chronic Fatigue
Syndrome: A Case-Control Study.
JOURNAL OF
WOMEN'S HEALTH Volume
19, Number 6.
Javierre C, Segura R, Ventura JL, Suárez A, Rosés JM. (2010).
L-tryptophan supplementation can decrease fatigue perception during an
aerobic exercise with supramaximal intercalated anaerobic bouts in young
healthy men". Int
J Neurosci May;120
(5):319-27.
International Physical Activity Questionnaire
Reliability and validity in a Spanish population
European Journal of Sport Science, Volume 10, Issue 5 September 2010 ,
pages 297 - 304
Cuestionario Internacional sobre Actividad Física. Fiabilidad y Validez
en la población espa?ola.
Segura, R. (2011).
Entrevista al Dr. Ramon Segura Cardona sobre
Nutrición Deportiva y Salud (htm)
Paulina Savall realiza una
entrevista de actualidad al Dr. Ramon Segura Cardona,
al ser considerado uno de los mejores expertos internacionales en
fisiología del ejercicio y nutrición deportiva.
Interview about Sport Nutrition and Health
Segura, R. (2011).
Optimización Energética (pdf)
Energy Optimization (pdf)
Dossier Ergogain · Optimización Energética · Septiembre 2013
Dossier Ergogain · Energy Optimization · September
2013
Artículos de Divulgación Científica
R. Segura
Alimentación y salud.
La Vanguardia, 25 de Maig de 1986
R. Segura
Ejercicio físico y fatiga.
La Vanguardia, 14 de juny de 1987
R. Segura
La dieta del deportista.
Salud, 1988
R. Segura
Ejercicio fisico y fatiga.
Jan, 1989 : 39-82
R. Segura
Enfermedades del sistema cardiovascular.
Informativo -Caixa, 1989 : 30-33
R. Segura
Cómo vivir sin comer menos.
Medicina y calidad de vida (La Vanguardia), 1990 11: 10
R. Segura
La regulación térmica durante el ejercicio físico.
Medicina y calidad de vida (La Vanguardia), 1991 : 10-11
R. Segura
Agua, sudor y lágrimas.
Medicina y calidad de vida (La Vanguardia), 1991 M: 10-11
R. Segura
Nutrición y salud en nuestro días.
Ibérica, 1991 .MQ: 115-122
R. Segura
Dieta y grasas, una historia de amor y odio.
Medicina y calidad de vida (La Vanguardia), 1991 : 9-10
R. Segura
Gasto calórico y ejercicio físico.
Medicina y calidad de vida (la Vanguardia), 1991 34: 10-11
R. Segura
El colesterol.
Gente sana, 1992 : 6-10.
R. Segura
Hidratos de carbono y rendimiento deportivo.
News -OTC, 1992 : 7-13
R. Segura
El yodo y la salud.
Sal y salud, 1998 ~: 5-6
R. Segura
Los ácidos grasos omega-3 en la promoción de la salud y la prevención
de la enfermedad.
Medic Delfos, 1999 : 39-48 (n° 1) i 31-41 (n° 2)
R. Segura
Cómo alimentarse mejor: 25 alimentos más sanos.
Vivir feliz 1999 .1Q: 42-46
R. Segura
ácidos grasos Omega-3 y salud.
Spin Nutr., 1999 : 2-5
R. Segura
Magnesia
Sal y salud, 2002 : 8
c. Javierre, R. Segura
La hidrataci6n y el rendimiento deportivo.
Esports i Natura, 2002 : 54
E. Garrido, C. Javierre, R. Segura, J.L. Ventura
Sherpas, Nacional Geographic, 2004
Segura, R. (2003).
Sobre-Entrenamiento.
XIV Jornadas Médicas de la Asociación Espa?ola de Baloncesto.
Segura, R. (2003).
Over-training. XIV Medical Conferences of the Spanish Association of
Basketball.
Segura, R. (2012).
Nuts and Physical Performance · Reflections from the Chair of Physiology
on the Best Soccer Team Ever
The Cracker / July 2012
Segura, R. (2012). Frutos Secos y
Rendimiento Físico. Reflexiones del Jefe de Fisiología del Mejor Equipo
de Fútbol de la Historia.
Segura, R. (2014).
Nutrición y Rendimiento Deportivo · Entrevista
(pdf)
Nutrition and Sport Performance · Interview
(pdf)
El boletín verde. Santiveri, nutrición y vida.
no 7, Mayo 2014.
------------------------------------
ALGUNOS VIDEOS DE SUS PONENCIAS 2018
a) Nutrición y Deportes · Bases científicas para la optimización del
rendimiento físico:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07sgJrMZXNA
b) Los "calambres" musculares:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ci9yTWzLhtI&t=14s
------------------------------------
SELECCIóN DE ABSTRACTS I DOCS DE ARTíCULOS
CIENTíFICOS
Rationnelle La maladie de Beh?et est une
vascularite auto-immune et systémique
caractérisée par des ulcérations aphteuses
et génitales orales et des lésions
oculaires. Les manifestations vasculaires
sous forme d’anévrysmes sont les facteurs
prédictifs principaux de la mortalité et de
la morbidité. Normalement, ces anévrysmes
sont situés dans les artères pulmonaires,
l’aorte, la carotide, la sous-clavière, et
l’étage fémoro-poplité. La chirurgie ouverte
présente un taux de complication maximum de
50%, principalement sous forme de faux
anévrysmes anastomotiques. Méthodes Nous
rapportons le cas d’un homme de 41 ans chez
qui était diagnostiquée une maladie de
Beh?et depuis 3 ans, et qui s’est présenté
aux urgences après dix jours de douleurs et
d’un oedème jambier droit, sans la moindre
notion de traumatisme. Résultats Une
première exploration vasculaire montrait une
masse pulsatile sous-poplitée sans pouls
tibial postérieur droit. Le reste de
l’exploration ne montrait aucune anomalie.
Un Doppler montrait un faux anévrysme
sous-poplité rompu. Une artériographie
poplitée sélective était faite par voie
fémorale controlatérale, et un faux
anévrysme tibio-péronier rompu était
embolisé avec trois coils métalliques de 5
mm (Cook). Le patient était libéré après 4
jours et est resté asymptomatique pendant
les 2 années suivantes. Conclusions Les
anévrysmes des artères distales dans la
maladie de Beh?et sont très peu fréquents et
chaque cas devrait être évalué sur une base
individuelle. Le traitement endovasculaire
est une bonne alternative thérapeutique.
Beh?et's disease is an autoimmune, systemic
vasculitis disease that is characterized by
oral aphthous and genital ulcerations and
ocular lesions. Vascular manifestations in
the form of aneurysms are the main
predictors of mortality and morbidity in
such cases. Normally, these aneurysms are
located in the pulmonary arteries, the
aorta, carotid, subclavia, and the
femoropopliteal sector. Open surgery
presents a maximum complication rate of 50%,
principally in the form of anastomotic
pseudoaneurysms. We report the case of a
41-year-old man who was diagnosed with
Beh?et's disease 3 years before, and
attended the emergency department after a
10-day history of pain and an infragenicular
swelling edema in the right limb, without
any previous record of trauma. An initial
vascular exploration revealed a pusatile
mass in the infrapopliteal region and
absence of the posterior tibial pulse in the
right limb. The rest of the exploration did
not reveal any alterations. A Doppler
ultrasound scan showed a ruptured
infrapopliteal pseudoaneurysm. An emergency,
selective arteriography of the popliteal
artery was performed by using a
contralateral femoral access approach, and a
ruptured tibioperoneal pseudoaneurysm was
embolized with three 5-mm metallic coils
(Cook). The patient was discharged after 4
days and in the 2 years since then has
remained asymptomatic. Aneurysms of the
distal vessels in Beh?et's disease are very
infrequent and each case should be evaluated
on an individual basis. Endovascular
treatment is a good therapeutic alternative.
Els àcids grassos omega-3 pertanyen a la
categoria dels àcids grassos poliinsaturats
i no poden ser sintetitzats pel nostre
organisme, la qual cosa determina el seu
caràcter d'essencials per a la salut i que
sigui imprescindible el fet d'ingerir-los
amb la dieta. Aquests tipus de compostos
participen en una sèrie de processos
implicats en el normal funcionament de
diversos sistemes corporals i, així, afecten
el nivell de salut de l'individu i
condicionen, en part, el risc de patir
diversos tipus de patologies. L'àcid
eicosapentaenoic i l'àcid docosahexaenoic
exerceixen una sèrie d'efectes sobre
diferents paràmetres fisiològics que poden
afectar el desenvolupament del procés
arterioscleròtic, responsable majoritari de
la malaltia isquèmica miocardíaca:
disminueixen els nivells de triglicèrids del
plasma (tant en dejú com durant el període
postprandial), redueixen l'agregació
plaquetària i el risc de trombosi, moderen
la dinàmica dels processos implicats en les
reaccions inflamatòries (implicades en el
desenvolupament de les plaques
d'aterosclerosi), redueixen el risc de
presentar arítmia ventricular i de mort
sobtada, etc. Nombrosos treballs de tipus
experimental i diversos estudis de caràcter
epidemiològic suggereixen que els àcids
grassos de tipus omega-3 poden tenir efectes
beneficiosos sobre les malalties de
naturalesa cancerosa: redueixen el
desenvolupament metastàtic i el creixement
tumoral en inhibir el grau de mitosi de les
cèl·lules canceroses, en accelerar la seva
mort per apoptosi, en induir la
diferenciació cel·lular, en inhibir
l'angiogènesi, en alterar el metabolisme
dels estrògens, etc. Els àcids grassos de
tipus omega-3 són essencials per assolir
l'adequada estructura i el normal
funcionament del sistema nerviós. Estudis de
caràcter epidemiològic posen de manifest
l'existència d'una associació positiva entre
la ingesta de peix ric en àcids grassos
eicosapentaenoics i docosahexaenoics (verat,
sardina, tonyina, etc.) durant l'embaràs i
un millor desenvolupament del fetus i la
millora en diversos aspectes de la percepció
sensorial i la capacitat psicofuncional: una
millor percepció i atenció envers les coses
noves en el reconeixement visual (en el
nadó) i una millor puntuació en les escales
de valoració de la intel·ligència verbal i
en el comportament personal (en els infants
i adolescents), al mateix temps que milloren
el desenvolupament motor i el de la massa
òssia. Aquests tipus de compostos
desenvolupen un paper important en la
higiene mental i influeixen sobre diversos
processos relacionats amb alguns tipus de
malalties mentals: la depressió estacional,
postpart), el trastorn bipolar (depressió,
mania), els dèficits d'atenció, les
síndromes d'hiperactivitat, etc. Els àcids
grassos de tipus omega-3 afecten també el
funcionament del sistema immunitari i
determinen que la reactivitat i el grau
d'agressivitat de la resposta inflamatòria
indu?da per aquest sistema siguin més
moderats i tinguin una menor afectació
clínica i funcional. La simptomatologia
clínica de diverses malalties en les quals
el sistema immunitari desenvolupa un paper
important (artritis reumatoide, asma
bronquial, psoriasi, etc.) millora de manera
significativa quan els malalts ingereixen
quantitats adequades, i relativament altes,
d'àcids grassos omega-3.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome is an illness of
unknown aetiology that has been associated
with abnormalities in essential fatty acid
metabolism, however this still remains
unclear. We have compared the fatty acid
profile in plasma and red blood cells and
their dietary intake between a group of 20
patients diagnosed with CFS (18 women and 2
men) and 20 aged- sex- diet- low activity-
matched controls. Compared to the controls,
CFS patients show a decrease in the
proportion of linoleic acid (t: 2.137, p:
0.039) and an increase in that of stearic
acid (t: 2.602, p: 0.013) in plasma, however
such differences have not been observed in
the fatty acid profile of red blood cells.
In these cases, no direct relationship has
been observed between the dietary intake and
fatty acid profile. Therefore, these results
do not give support that long-chain
polyunsaturated fatty acids may contribute
in the better course of the pathology.
Although questionnaires are useful for
evaluating patterns of physical activity in
populations, they need to be validated. The
objective of this study was to determine the
validity and reliability of the long version
of the International Physical Activity
Questionnaire (IPAQ) in a Spanish
population. The participants wore a uniaxial
MTI Actigraph (Computer Science and
Application, Inc.) accelerometer for 7 days
and self-completed the IPAQ questionnaire
twice, to assess its reliability. Criterion
validity was assessed by comparing data from
the IPAQ and data from the MTI. The final
sample included 54 adults for the validity
analysis and 66 adults for the reliability
analysis. The correlations (r) between the
IPAQ and the accelerometer were 0.29 (P
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a
disabling illness of unknown etiology that
is characterized by fatigue associated with
a reduced ability to work, lasting for more
than 6 months, and accompanied by a specific
set of symptoms. The diagnosis remains
difficult because of the absence of
laboratory tests and is, therefore, made
largely on the basis of the symptoms
reported by the patient. The aim of this
study was to analyze differences in blood
nitrate levels in CFS patients and a matched
control group after a physical exercise
test. Forty-four consecutive female patients
with CFS and 25 healthy women performed an
exercise test using a cycle ergometer with
monitoring of cardiopulmonary response.
Blood samples were obtained for biochemical
analyses of glucose, lactate, and nitrates
at the beginning (under resting conditions)
and after the maximal and supramaximal
tests. Plasma nitrates differed between the
groups, with higher values in the CFS group
(F = 6.93, p = 0.003). Nitrate concentration
increased in relation to workload and
reached higher values in the CFS group, the
maximum difference with respect to the
control group being 295% (t = 4.88, p <
0.001). The main result of the present study
is that nitric oxide (NO) metabolites
(nitrates) showed a much higher increase
after a maximal physical test in CFS
patients than in a group of matched
subjects. This combination (exercise plus NO
response evaluation) may be useful in the
assessment of CFS.
Physical exercise is often terminated not
due to muscle fatigue but because of
inadequate neural drive in the serotonergic
system. Modifications in activity levels of
the serotonergic system, induced by
variations in the availability of
L-tryptophan (a serotonin precursor) may
alter neural drive. We examined the effect
of L-tryptophan supplementation on physical
performance by combining aerobic work with
brief periods of supramaximal intensity that
closely mimics the activity typical of team
sports. Twenty healthy young sportsmen (mean
age 21.2 +/- 0.7 years) performed a
submaximal exercise on a cycle ergometer,
with a workload corresponding to 50% of
their respective VO(2) max for 10 min,
followed by a maximal intensity exercise for
30 s. This sequence was repeated three times
and, after the fourth series, each
participant continued to exercise at the
highest speed that he could sustain for 20
min. This protocol was performed twice: once
with and finally without supplementation of
L-tryptophan, in random order and
double-blind. Peak power output, average
anaerobic power output, and power output
during the last 20 min of the trial were
higher on the trials performed with
L-tryptophan supplementation than on those
performed with placebo. The distance covered
during the last 20 min of the trial was
11,959 +/- 1,753 m on placebo and 12,526 +/-
1,617 m on L-tryptophan (p < .05). In
conclusion, in some types of exercises,
modification of the serotonergic system may
improve the physical performance.
Our goal was to determine whether short-term
intermittent hypoxia exposure, at a level
well tolerated by healthy humans and
previously shown by our group to increase
EPO and erythropoiesis, could mobilize
hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and increase
their presence in peripheral circulation.
Four healthy male subjects were subjected to
three different protocols: one with only a
hypoxic stimulus (OH), another with a
hypoxic stimulus plus muscle
electrostimulation (HME) and the third with
only muscle electrostimulation (OME).
Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia exposure
consisted of only three sessions of three
hours at barometric pressure 540 hPa
(equivalent to an altitude of 5000 m) for
three consecutive days, whereas muscular
electrostimulation was performed in two
separate periods of 25 min in each session.
Blood samples were obtained from an
antecubital vein on three consecutive days
immediately before the experiment and 24 h,
48 h, 4 days and 7 days after the last day
of hypoxic exposure. There was a clear
increase in the number of circulating CD34+
cells after combined hypobaric hypoxia and
muscular electrostimulation. This response
was not observed after the isolated
application of the same stimuli. Our results
open a new application field for hypobaric
systems as a way to increase efficiency in
peripheral HSC collection.
GV and CJ during HME protocol. The intensity
of muscle electrostimulation can be observed
in this short movie.
CHEx-1 Hypobaric chamber. The hypobaric
chamber into BioPol facility at University
of Barcelona Campus Bellvitge.
The aim of the study presented here was to
determine the relationship between age and
certain socioeconomic factors and the effect
that physical activity may have on the
prevalence of overweight and obesity among
Spanish children and adolescents. The sample
derived from the enKid study, a
cross-sectional study of a representative
sample of the Spanish population aged 2-24
years. Body mass index was calculated from
measured weight and height. A physical
activity questionnaire was administered.
Age, socioeconomic level of the families,
the mother's level of education, and the
geographical area of residence were related
to the prevalence of overweight and obesity
among Spanish males.
Viscor, Gines Javierre, Casimiro Pages,
Teresa Ventura, Josep-Lluis Ricart, Antoni
Martin-Henao, Gregorio Azqueta, Carmen
Segura, Ramon
Introducción y objetivos: En el macizo del
Garraf (Barcelona) las simas tienen una
atmósfera con disminución de oxígeno y
aumento de CO2 respecto a la normalidad.
Para valorar el nivel de riesgo en la
exploración de estas cavidades estudiamos a
19 espeleólogos (14 hombres y 5 mujeres) al
realizar un ejercicio controlado, en una
atmósfera hipercápnica, hipóxica y
normobárica (15,2 ± 0,8% de O2 y 19.049 ±
299 ppmv de CO2). Métodos: El estudio se
realizó en laboratorio mediante ergometría.
Se realizaron 2 tests, uno en atmósfera
normal (NN) y otro idéntico realizado en
ambiente confinado (tienda de hipoxia), con
aire enrarecido (HH). Se monitorizaron los
siguientes parámetros: electrocardiograma,
frecuencia cardíaca, saturación de oxígeno
de la hemoglobina, lactato, glucemia capilar
y presión arterial final. Resultados: Los
voluntarios presentaron diferente
sintomatología durante la prueba con aire
enrarecido: sensación de calor (100%), mareo
(47%), cefalea (3%), prurito ocular (21%),
temblor en las manos (16%), extrasístoles
(16,5%), respuesta hipertónica de la presión
arterial (26%), taquicardia (158,5 ± 15,9
latidos/min en aire enrarecido frente a
148,7 ± 15,7 latidos/min en aire normal; p <
0,0002). Todos presentaron una disminución
de la saturación de oxígeno (93,4 ± 3,4% en
aire enrarecido frente a 97,7 ± 9,92% en
aire normal; p < 0,00004). Discusión: Se
observó una gran variabilidad individual en
los síntomas y parámetros estudiados. En
vista de los resultados, se recomienda no
sobrepasar el umbral de 45.000 ppmv de CO2
en exploración espeleológica. Asimismo es
conveniente una revisión médica de aptitud
Introduction and aims: The atmosphere in the
abysses of the mountains of Garraf
(Barcelona) have lower oxygen levels and
higher CO2 concentrations with respect to
normality. To evaluate the risk of
speleological exploration in this area, we
studied 19 cavers (14 men and 5 women) while
performing controlled exercise in a
hypercapnic, hypoxic and normobaric
atmosphere (15.2 ± 0.8% of 299 O2 and 19,049
± 299 ppmv of CO2). Methods: The study was
performed in a laboratory through ergometry.
Two identical tests were used: one in a
standard atmosphere (NN) and another in a
confined atmosphere (a hypoxic tent), with
rarefied air (HH). The following parameters
were monitored: electrocardiogram, heart
rate, oxygen saturation of hemoglobin,
lactate, capillary glycemia, and final blood
pressure. Results: The volunteers had
distinct symptoms during the test with
rarefied air: heat sensation (100%),
dizziness (47%), headache (3%), ocular
pruritus (21%), hand tremor (16%),
extrasystoles (16.5%), hypertonic blood
pressure behavior (26%), tachycardia (158.5
± 15.9 bpm in rarefied air versus 148.7 ±
15.7 bpm in normal air; p<0.0002). All
participants showed reduced oxygen
saturation (93.4 ± 3.4% in rarefied air
versus 97.7 ± 9.92% in normal air;
p<0.00004). Discussion: Wide individual
variability was found in symptoms and the
parameters studied. In view of the results
of this study, we recommend that a threshold
of 45,000 ppmv of CO 2 not be exceeded in
speleological exploration. Likewise, fitness
assessment should be performed in
individuals planning to enter confined
atmospheres, such as the caves and abysses
of this mountain.
The purpose of this study was to investigate
if the concentration of lactate can provide
additional information for pathologies that
need examination of the cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF) in their diagnostic controls or
protocols. A prospective study carried out
in the year 2001 at the University Hospital
of Bellvitge (Barcelona), on 92 samples of
CSF from patients who needed this
examination. The concentration of lactate,
glucose, and the cell count was determined.
One year later, the diagnosis revealed from
the previous analyzed samples were sorted
into groups according to the diagnosis. In
the group with multiple sclerosis (MS) (n =
30), there was a significant decrease in
lactate concentration (1.52 +/- 0.19 mmol/L)
compared to the control group (1.89 +/- 0.11
mmol/L) (p < 0.001). The glucose
concentration remained within the normal
range and the cell count was < 4 cell/microL
even in the relapses. In the early stages of
MS, the lactate concentration in CSF is
decreased and this could be related to
alterations in sensitivity observed in those
patients. Further studies are needed to
evaluate if this lactate concentration is a
prognostic indicator of the disease.
Introduction and aims: The atmosphere in the
abysses of the mountains of Garraf
(Barcelona) have lower oxygen levels and
higher CO2 concentrations with respect to
normality. To evaluate the risk of
speleological exploration in this area, we
studied 19 cavers (14 men and 5 women) while
performing controlled exercise in a
hypercapnic, hypoxic and normobaric
atmosphere (15.2 ± 0.8% of 299 O2 and 19,049
± 299 ppmv of CO2). Methods: The study was
performed in a laboratory through ergometry.
Two identical tests were used: one in a
standard atmosphere (NN) and another in a
confined atmosphere (a hypoxic tent), with
rarefied air (HH). The following parameters
were monitored: electrocardiogram, heart
rate, oxygen saturation of hemoglobin,
lactate, capillary glycemia, and final blood
pressure. Results: The volunteers had
distinct symptoms during the test with
rarefied air: heat sensation (100%),
dizziness (47%), headache (3%), ocular
pruritus (21%), hand tremor (16%),
extrasystoles (16.5%), hypertonic blood
pressure behavior (26%), tachycardia (158.5
± 15.9 bpm in rarefied air versus 148.7 ±
15.7 bpm in normal air; p<0.0002).All
participants showed reduced oxygen
saturation (93.4 ± 3.4% in rarefied air
versus 97.7 ± 9.92% in normal air;
p<0.00004). Discussion: Wide individual
variability was found in symptoms and the
parameters studied. In view of the results
of this study, we recommend that a threshold
of 45,000 ppmv of CO2 not be exceeded in
speleological exploration. Likewise, fitness
assessment should be performed in
individuals planning to enter confined
atmospheres, such as the caves and abysses
of this mountain.
Introducció i objectius: En el massís del
Garraf (Barcelona) els avencs tenen una
atmosfera amb disminució d'oxigen i augment
de CO2 respecte a la normalitat. Per valorar
el nivell de risc en l'exploració d'aquestes
cavitats varem estudiar a 19 espeleòlegs (14
homes i 5 dones) en realitzar un exercici
controlat, en una atmosfera hipercàpnica,
hipòxica i normobàrica (15,2 ± 0,8% d'O2 i
19.049 ± 299 ppmv de CO2). Mètodes: L'estudi
es va realitzar en laboratori, mitjan?ant
ergometria. Es van realitzar 2 tests, un en
atmosfera normal (NN) i un altre idèntic
realitzat en ambient confinat (tenda
d'hipòxia), amb l'aire enrarit (HH). Es van
monitorar els següents paràmetres:
electrocardiograma, freqüència cardíaca,
saturació d'oxigen de l'hemoglobina, lactat,
glucèmia capil·lar i pressió arterial final.
Resultats: Els voluntaris van presentar
diferent simptomatologia durant la prova amb
aire enrarit: Sensació de calor (100%),
mareig (47%), cefalea (3%), pru?ja ocular
(21%), tremolor a les mans (16%),
extrasístoles (16,5%), resposta hipertònica
de la pressió arterial (26%), taquicàrdia
(158,5 ± 159 batecs/min en aire enrarit
enfront de 148,7 ± 15,7 batecs/min en aire
normal; p < 0,0002). Tots van presentar una
disminució de la saturació d'oxigen (93,4 ±
3,4% en aire enrarit enfront de 97,7 ± 9,92%
en aire normal; p < 0,00004). Discussió: Es
va observar una gran variabilitat individual
en els símptomes i paràmetres estudiats. En
vista dels resultats, es recomana no
sobrepassar el llindar de 45.000 ppmv de
CO2, en exploració espeleològica. Així
mateix és convenient una revisió mèdica
d'aptitud abans d'internar-se en atmosferes
confinades, com són els avencs i coves del
mencionat massís.
Introducción y objetivos: El objetivo del
estudio fue evaluar las diferencias en la
concentración plasmática de cortisol tras la
realización de un esfuerzo mixto,
aeróbicoanaeróbico, en un grupo de jóvenes
físicamente activos. Métodos: Catorce
voluntarios realizaron, en un
cicloergómetro, 40 min de ejercicio a la
intensidad correspondiente al 50% del pico
individual de consumo de oxígeno,
manteniendo el ritmo de pedaleo a 60
revoluciones/min. Durante el mismo, se
intercalaron 4 fases de 30 s con una carga
de 0,04 kg por kilo de masa corporal en los
minutos 10, 20, 30 y 40. Tras estos primeros
minutos, pedaleaban durante 20 min a la
máxima velocidad posible frente a una carga
constante correspondiente al 50% del consumo
de oxígeno. Se controlaron los parámetros
cardiorrespiratorios y se recogieron
muestras sanguíneas al inicio de la prueba,
cada 10 min durante el ejercicio y a los 15
min de la recuperación. Resultados: Las
respuestas cardiopulmonar y metabólica
fueron muy homogéneas, con un aumento de los
valores de cortisol a lo largo de la prueba
(F = 5,16; p < 0,001) que presentó
diferencias entre los sujetos (F = 6,74; p <
0,001). En 8 participantes (57,1% de la
muestra) se observó un aumento, y en 6
(42,9%) los cambios fueron peque?os con
respecto a los valores previos al inicio de
la prueba. Conclusión: A pesar de haber
evaluado un grupo homogéneo, se observaron
diferencias interindividuales en la
concentración plasmática de cortisol tras la
realización de un esfuerzo mixto, lo que
puede tener implicaciones en la adaptación
provocada por el ejercicio.
The author reports a series of 5 patients
with deep venous thrombosis extended to the
inferior vena cava as a floating thrombus,
who underwent a venous thrombectomy, with
excellent early and long-term results. The
fundamentals of this therapeutic option, the
diagnosis and the surgical indications are
presented and discussed.
Patients affected by chronic fatigue
syndrome (CFS) characteristically show easy
and unexplained fatigue after minimal
exertion that does not resolve with rest and
is associated with specific symptoms lasting
for more than six months. Cardiopulmonary
exercise testing is a valid procedure for
determining functional capacity in patients
with CFS. We compare cardioventilatory
adaptation to exercise between a group of
eighty-five consecutive women patients
affected by CFS and a group of fifteen
healthy women extremely sedentary
individuals, with the use of maximum
incremental exercise testing on a cycle
ergometer and arm ergometer, assessing
possible differences. The majority of values
achieved at peak exhaustive exercise were
significantly lower in CFS patients than
controls, including the percentage of
maximum oxygen uptake in arm physical test
(37.4±10.0% in CFS vs. 58.9± 15.8% in
controls) and leg physical test (53.4±15.0%
in CFS patients vs. 76.2 ± 18.0% in
controls). In conclusion, the CFS group
shows a lower work capacity in arm or leg
exercise that would not be justified
exclusively by their personal
characteristics or deconditioning.
Introduction and objectives: The aim of the
present study was to evaluate differences in
plasma cortisol concentration in response to
an intercalating aerobic-anaerobic exercise
test in a group of physically active young
people. Methods: Fourteen healthy young male
volunteers performed a 40-minute exercise
test at 50% of individual peak oxygen uptake
on a cycle ergometer, maintaining a pedal
rate of 60 r.p.m., during which they aimed
to intercalate 4 explosive anaerobic phases
of 30 seconds with a workload of 0.04 kg per
kg of body mass at 10, 20, 30 and 40
minutes. After this first phase, and without
stopping the exercise and maintaining the
corresponding workload of 50% of peak oxygen
uptake, the volunteers ended the exercise by
pedaling at the maximum number of
revolutions possible for 20 minutes.
Cardiopulmonary parameters were continuously
monitored and blood samples were obtained at
rest, every 10 minutes during the test, and
at 15 minutes during the recovery period.
Results: Cardiopulmonary and metabolic
responses were similar in all the
participants during the test and the group
tendency was to increase plasma cortisol
levels significantly throughout the test (F
= 5.16; p < 0.001). Plasma cortisol levels
showed large interindividual differences (F
= 6.74; p < 0.001). In 8 participants
(57.1%), plasma cortisol levels increased
during exercise and while in 6 (42.9%) minor
changes with respect to resting values were
observed. Conclusion: Substantial
differences in plasma cortisol levels were
found in a homogeneous group of young male
volunteers during a successive
aerobic-anaerobic exercise test, which may
have implications in adaptation to exercise.
In the 1970s, several researchers were very
much impressed by the low prevalence of
ischemic heart disease among the inuit
(eskimos) of Greenland despite following a
diet rich in animal fat and protein, as well
as in cholesterol. A detailed analysis of
the diet showed that the inuit were eating
greater quantities of fatty fish and marine
animals which are specially rich in long
chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of the
omega-3 type. Since these initial
observations, it has been shown that the
omega-3 fatty acids are involved in a great
number of processes that, practically, have
an influence on all body systems, from the
cardiovascular to the nervous system, from
the renal function to that of the digestive
system, from the immune system to
inflammation, etc. In the first part of this
review, an analysis of the effects of
omega-3 fatty acids on several risk factors
for the cardiovascular system is made.
Special attention is devoted on the effects
of these type of fatty acids on the plasma
triglyceride levels, both in fasting and in
post-prandial situations, and their more
plausible mechanism of action; at the same
time, their impact on the levels and
characteristics of the low density
lipoproteins is discussed. This is followed
by a detailed description of the possible
beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids on
blood pressure. The protective role of
omega-3 fatty acids on the prothrombotic and
pro-inflamatory processes is reviewed
evaluating the effects of these fatty acids
on the balance between prothrombotic and
anti-thrombotic eicosanoids. Omega-3 fatty
acids, as components of cellular membranes,
modulate the expression of several
glycoproteins, located on the luminal
surface of the endothelial cells, that
determine the extent of adhesion and
penetration of monocytes; at the same time,
they influence the migration and
proliferation of smooth muscle cells from
the muscular layer to the subendothelial
space. Both processes, fundamental in the
development of the atherosclerotic plaque,
are markedly attenuated by the omega-3 fatty
acids. In the second part of this review,
the influence of these fatty acids on
processes related to obesity, the metabolic
syndrome, diabetes, chronic inflammatory
conditions, the development and function of
the nervous system, the mental and affective
status of the individual, etc., will be
analyzed.
Introducció i objectius: L’objectiu de
l’estudi va ser avaluar les diferències en
la concentració plasmàtica de cortisol
després de la realització d’un esfor? mixt,
aeròbic-anaeròbic, en un grup de joves
físicament actius. Mètodes: Catorze
voluntaris van fer, en un cicloergòmetre, 40
min d’exercici a la intensitat corresponent
al 50% del consum màxim d’oxigen, mantenint
el ritme de pedalada a 60 revolucions/min. I
s’hi van intercalar 4 fases de 30 s amb una
càrrega de 0,04 kg per quilo de massa
corporal, en els minuts 10, 20, 30 i 40.
Després d’aquests primers minuts, pedalaven
durant 20 min a la màxima velocitat possible
per una càrrega constant corresponent al 50%
del consum màxim d’oxigen. Se’n van
monitoritzar els paràmetres
cardiorespiratoris, i se’n recolliren
mostres sanguínies a l’inici de la prova,
cada 10 min durant l’exercici i als 15 min
de la recuperació. Resultats: Les respostes
cardiopulmonar i metabòlica van ser molt
homogènies, amb un augment dels valors de
cortisol durant la prova (F = 5,16; p <
0,001), que van presentar diferències entre
els subjectes (F = 6,74; p < 0,001). En 8
participants (57,1% de la mostra) es va
observar un augment, i en 6 (42,9% de la
mostra) els canvis van ser petits respecte
dels valors previs a l’inici de la prova.
Conclusió: Malgrat ser avaluat un grup
homogeni, es van observar diferències
interindividuals en la concentració
plasmàtica de cortisol després de la
realització d’un esfor? mixt, que poden
tenir implicacions en l’adaptació provocada
per l’exercici.
A global physical evaluation was performed
in 21 males with spinal cord injury (SCI),
at the beginning and best replica watches
at three and six months
of omega-3 fatty acid (FA) supplementation.
A significant increase in the proportion of
eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexanoic
acid in plasma was observed in response to
the supplementation (p<0.05). After six
months of FA supplementation, strength
endurance time increased from 127.7+/-19.0 s
to 215.2+/-45.6 s in the right arm, and from
139+/-27.6 s to 237.7+/-48.7 s, in the left
arm. The time to perform 20 repetitions of
70% maximum workload showed a reduction of
41% between the first and the third test.
The time taken to cover a 90 meter long
track, with a 6% slope, was reduced from
66.9+/-8.0 s to 59.3+/-6.7 s, at the end of
the study (p<0.05). In conclusion, omega-3
FA supplementation could contribute to
improve the functional capabilities in SCI
subjects.
Nuts contain significant amounts of
essential micronutrients that are associated
with an improved health status when consumed
at doses beyond those necessary to prevent
deficiency states. Nuts do not contain
cholesterol, but they are rich in chemically
related phytosterols, a class of compounds
that interfere with intestinal cholesterol
absorption and thus help lower blood
cholesterol. Nuts also contain folate, a
B-vitamin necessary for normal cellular
function that plays an important role in
detoxifying homocysteine, a
sulphur-containing amino acid with
atherothrombotic properties that accumulates
in plasma when folate status is subnormal.
Compared to other common foodstuffs, nuts
have an optimal nutritional density with
respect to healthy minerals, such as
calcium, magnesium and potassium. Like that
of most vegetables, the sodium content of
nuts is very low. A high intake of calcium,
magnesium and potassium, together with a low
sodium intake, is associated with protection
against bone demineralisation, arterial
hypertension, insulin resistance, and
overall cardiovascular risk. Phytosterols
might justify part of the
cholesterol-lowering effect of nut intake
beyond that attributable to fatty acid
exchange, while the mineral richness of nuts
probably contributes to the prevention of
diabetes and coronary heart disease observed
in epidemiological studies in association
with frequent nut consumption.
Purpose: To compare the response to physical
exercise between subjects with spinal cord
injury (SCI) and able-bodied (AB) subjects
with the objective of developing a new
formula for the indirect calculation of
oxygen consumption (VO2). Subjects: 20
individuals with paraplegia below Th6 and 22
AB subjects have participated in the study.
Measures: A graded work test was performed
on an arm ergometer, starting with 10 w and
increasing the power in 10 w each minute up
to maximal effort. SCI group present a lower
response to the different workloads with
respect to the AB group. Results: In the SCI
group, a statistical association was found
between workload and VO2 (r = 0.956, P <
0.001). The proposed equation to calculate
the theoretical VO 2 was the following:
0.487 + (0.013·watts performed).
Conclusions: SCI males, respect to AB
subjects, show differences in ventilatory
response to exercises. We propose a new
formula for the indirect calculation of VO2
in relation to workload.
A prospective study during a diet
modification.
Creatine is an ergogenic aid used in
individual and team sports. The aim of this
study is to analyze the effect of
monohydrate creatine supplementation on
physical performance during 6 consecutive
maximal speed 60 meter races, and the
changes induced in some characteristic
biochemical and ventilatory parameters. The
study was carried out on nineteen healthy
and physically active male volunteers, and
randomly distributed into two groups: Group
C received a supplement of creatine
monohydrate (20 g/day for 5 days) and group
P received placebo. Tests were performed
before and after supplementation. No
significant changes were observed in weight
or body water measured by bioimpedance or
the sum of 7 skinfold or performance during
the 60 meter races. Group C showed a
statistically significant increase in plasma
creatinine from 69.8 +/- 12.4 to 89.3 +/-
12.4 micromol x L(-1) (p<0.05). In group C
in the second control day (after creatine
supplementation), expiratory volume V(E), O2
uptake and CO2 production were lower after 2
minutes of active recovery period. These
results indicate that creatine monohydrate
supplementation does not appear to improve
the performance in 6 consecutive 60 meter
repeated races but may modify ventilatory
dynamics during the recovery after maximal
effort.
El fumar cigarretes, a un ritme habitual i
sense evitar el seu consum les hores prèvies
a l’activitat física, pot comprometre de
forma significativa els mecanismes
termoreguladors de pèrdua de calor i
provocar una resposta hemodinàmica anormal
durant l’exercici. L’associació de tabac i
activitat física d’alta intensitat pot fer
augmentar la temperatura central al
pertorbar els mecanismes de pèrdua de calor
mitjan?ant la redistribució del flux
vascular cutani. A més, durant exercicis
perllongats com els exercicis de
resistència, i en ambients alorosos, el
consum de cigarretes pot actuar com a factor
limitant en el rendiment esportiu, i
incrementar el risc d’hipertèrmia.
The number of patients that suffer some type
of spinal cord lesion in recent years are
high and have increased because of factors
such as traffic accidents. Although their
life expectancy has increased,
cardiovascular illnesses is one of the main
causes of morbidity and mortality. Since the
degree of physical fitness is an important
factor regarding the risk of cardiovascular
disease, the objective of the present study
was to examine the global adaptation
(cardiorespiratory, metabolic and
thermoregulatory response) of the organism
to exercise and the application of this data
to the habitual practice of physical
activity to improve state of health. A group
of 42 patients with spinal injury, 85% of
whom were paraplegic and the remaining 15%
tetraplegic performed 42 exercise tests on a
cycloergometer. Body temperature (tympanum,
surface of the deltoids and surface of the
back), metabolic parameters (plasma uric
acid, glycemia, plasma lactate),
cardiocirculatory adaptation (heart rate,
blood pressure arm, blood pressure leg) and
ventilatory adaptation (VO2, VCO2, fr Vt,
VE) were monitored. Blood pressure in the
arm, blood concentrations of lactate and
ventilatory parameters showed an evolution
statistically dependent on the work to which
the subject was submitted. Heart rate showed
a statistically significant correlation with
the ventilatory parameters and work load.
The proportional response of the
cardioventilatory parameters to the increase
in the work load allowed us to evaluate the
repercussion of a given exercise and thus
avoid exercise of an excessive intensity
that could produce cardiocirculatory changes
that might entail an added risk. Heart rate
presents an excellent correlation, shown in
this work, with the oxygen consumption and
could therefore be used to quantify the
cardiorespiratory and metabolic repercussion
of the exercise carried out. Furthermore,
this quantification may allow for the
adaptation of exercise intensity to the
patient thus improving the results obtained
from the practice of exercise that has been
proven so necessary in these patients.
Objective: To analyze the lipid and glycemic
profiles in relation to age, time elapsed
post injury and the level of injury in a
group of patients with SCI.
The aim of this study was to analyze the
effects of a polyunsaturated n-6 high-fat
diet on rat DMBA-induced breast cancer at
different stages of the carcinogenesis and
to investigate if changes in the tumor fatty
acid composition are one of the mechanisms
by which dietary lipids could exert their
effects. 14 fatty acids were evaluated in 6
lipid fractions. The results firstly showed
that this high-fat diet stimulated the
malignant mammary tumor growth, mainly all
in the promotion group. The tumor lipid
analysis indicated: 1) that each lipid
fraction presented distinct major fatty
acids (>5%) which were not the most abundant
in the diet, except in the case of the
triacylglicerides, suggesting the different
resistance to dietary fatty acid
modification of the tumor lipid fractions;
2) a higher arachidonic acid content in the
fractions with less linoleic acid, above all
in phospholipids, particularly in the
phosphatidylethanolamine, indicating a
different efficiency of conversion; 3) the
three most abundant fatty acids in the
dietary lipid (18:2n-6, 18:1n-9 and 16:0)
were those which essentially displayed the
differences between groups; thus, the
high-fat diet changed the tumor lipid
profile, increasing the 18:2n-6 relative
content and decreasing that of the 18:1n-9;
differences were significant in
phosphatidylcholine, free fatty acids and
triacylglycerides. Any change was obtained
in the phosphatidylinositol. The greatest
number of differences was found in the
promotion group. Taken as a whole, our
results suggest the different roles of lipid
fractions in breast cancer cells and an
association between cancer malignancy and
the content of linoleic and oleic acids.
Blood lactate concentrations in capillary
samples obtained from the ear lobe or from
the finger tip are used indistinctly, since
they are considered equivalents. The aim of
the study reported in this paper was to
verify whether that assumption is valid due
to the practical implications which any
possible differences between these two
sampling sites would have in the planning
and assessing of an athletic training
program. Twenty six healthy male athletes
competing in different sports at the
national level (9 rowers, 7 cyclists and 10
runners) were studied during the performance
of a graded exercise test up to the point of
exhaustion, on specific ergometers. In each
group, capillary blood samples were obtained
simultaneously from both the ear lobe and
the finger tip at three different times
during the test: 1) in resting conditions;
2) when exercising at a submaximal work load
and 3) seven minutes after the point of
exhaustion. Significant differences were
found between the blood lactate
concentrations of samples obtained from the
ear lobe and from the finger tip (p <
0.001). The method error of repeated
measurements for lactate concentrations from
paired samples obtained in resting
conditions was 27%, when exercising at a
submaximal work load, 16% and at maximal
work load, 3%. Capillary blood samples
collected from the finger tip consistently
showed higher values in lactate
concentration than those obtained, at the
same time, from the ear lobe.
The differences in ventilatory response to
exercise of some highland ethnic communities
is a controversial issue. We have evaluated
the differences in ventilatory response to
exercise at sea level between two groups of
elite climbers, four Himalayan Sherpas (S)
and four Caucasian lowlanders (C), after
descent from extreme altitude. All of them
performed a progressive-intensity exercise
test on a treadmill under normoxic
conditions. Pulmonary gas exchange was
obtained until exhaustion by means of an
automatic gas-analyzer system. Significant
differences in expired ventilation and
carbon dioxide production were found between
the two groups, the e being lower in the S
at rest (41.9±5) in comparison with C
(48.7±9) (P<0.05), higher at medium loads of
the test (S=28.2±4 vs. C=25.7±2; P<0.05) and
reaching similar values at higher loads
(S=34.5±2 vs. C=35.6±4; NS). We conclude
that the special ventilatory response
observed in these highlanders could explain
their adaptation to altitude, allowing
higher oxygen blood saturation at medium
working loads and reducing the risk of
neurological injury caused by a high
ventilatory response when exercising at high
intensity effort under extreme altitude
environment.
Running economy (RE), defined as the
steady-state of oxygen uptake (V˙O2) for a
given running velocity, is a factor of
sports performance the genetic component of
which has seldom been reported to date. We
studied this component using a heritability
index (HI) in a group of 32 male twins, 8
monozygotic (MZ) and 8 dizygotic (DZ) pairs,
all sportsmen with similar perinatal and
environmental backgrounds. Zygocity was
determined by the identity of erythrocytic
antigenic, protein and enzymatic
polymorphism, and human leucocyte antigen
serologic types between co-twins. The
subjects exercised twice on a treadmill,
once until exhaustion and again at
submaximal intensities. Pulmonary gas
exchange was measured continuously using an
automatic analyser system during both tests.
Blood samples were obtained during the
recovery period to determine lactate
concentrations. No significant differences
were observed between MZ and DZ, in respect
of RE at any speed or in maximal V˙O2
relative to body mass. Nevertheless,
significant HI (P < 0.05) was found in
maximal lactate concentrations (HI = 0.75)
and in respiratory equivalent for oxygen at
two speeds, 7 km · h?1 (HI = 0.71) and 8 km
· h?1 (HI = 0.79), differences which
probably suggest that there are differences
in RE. In conclusion, we did not detect a
genetic component in RE or in maximal oxygen
uptake, but a genetic component for markers
of anaerobic metabolism was present.
OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that
saliva lactate concentrations may reflect
those present in blood and that saliva
lactate can be used as a very convenient and
useful variable in the study of anaerobic
metabolism. METHODS: Parallel determinations
were made of lactate in saliva and in
capillary blood samples, obtained at 3 min
intervals from nine individuals during the
performance of a maximum graded exercise
test on a cycle ergometer against increasing
workloads (from 25 up to a maximum of 300
W). Lactate determinations were done by
means of an electroenzymatic method using 25
microliters samples in both types of fluids.
RESULTS: For each situation, the
concentration of lactate in saliva was shown
to be about 15% of that in plasma but it
followed the same pattern of evolution
during the exercise test. A good correlation
(r = 0.81) between blood and saliva lactate
concentrations was found. The precision of
the method was very good, with a coefficient
of variation ranging (n = 10) between 2.2%
for samples with very low lactate
concentrations and 0.7% for sample with
moderate lactate concentrations. Lactate
appeared to be very stable in saliva over a
period of 40 days after collection, when
kept at 4 degrees C. The values obtained
after this period were virtually identical
to those shown in fresh samples.
CONCLUSIONS: Determination of lactate in
saliva can be used as an alternative to
determination in blood, overcoming most of
the drawbacks of the procedures being used
at present, since the collection of the
samples required no special expertise.
Creatine supplementation has been shown by
several authors to improve physical
performance in very high intensity,
intermittent, exercises. The effect on
performance, as well as in plasma creatine
and lactate concentrations has been studied
in a group of twelve sprinters of national
class when running a distance of 150 m on
two occasions, before and after creatine (or
placebo) supplementation for the previous
three days. The most important differences
in the biochemical parameters analyzed have
been in plasma creatinine concentration,
which increased substantially both before
and after the race in the group that had
received a daily supplement of 25 grams of
creatine monohydrate for the previous three
days. Creatine supplementation, therefore,
did not improve physical performance, in the
conditions, when running a 150 m distance.
Creatine supplementation has been shown by
several authors to improve physical
performance in very high intensity,
intermittent, exercises. The effect on
performance, as well as in plasma creatine
and lactate concentrations has been studied
in a group of twelve sprinters of national
class when running a distance of 150 m on
two occasions, before and after creatine (or
placebo) supplementation for the previous
three days. The most important differences
in the biochemical parameters analyzed have
been in plasma creatinine concentration,
which increased substantially both before
and after the race in the group that had
received a daily supplement of 25 grams of
creatine monohydrate for the previous three
days. Creatine supplementation, therefore,
did not improve physical performance, in the
conditions, when running a 150 m distance.
Creatine supplementation has been shown by
several authors to improve physical
performance in very high intensity,
intermittent, exercises. The effect on
performance, as well as in plasma creatine
and lactate concentrations has been studied
in a group of twelve sprinters of national
class when running a distance of 150 m on
two occasions, before and after creatine (or
placebo) supplementation for the previous
three days. The most important differences
in the biochemical parameters analyzed have
been in plasma creatinine concentration,
which increased substantially both before
and after the race in the group that had
received a daily supplement of 25 grams of
creatine monohydrate for the previous three
days. Creatine supplementation, therefore,
did not improve physical performance, in the
conditions, when running a 150 m distance.
A study was conducted to determine if
prolonged exercise could provoke sympathetic
neuronal alteration in an athlete's heart
through assessment of myocardial
distribution of 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine
(MIBG) in nine ultramarathon runners at
baseline and after a 4-hour race. After
injection of 370 MBq of 123I-MIBG, the
athletes ran for 4 hours, covering 45 +/- 8
km. Planar and single-photon emission
computed tomography (SPECT) images of the
thorax were acquired at the end of the race.
Two weeks later, studies at baseline were
performed. A heart:mediastinum ratio (HMR)
was calculated to quantify MIBG uptake.
Basal MIBG studies showed normal myocardial
tracer uptake, on both planar and SPECT
images, and the HMR was 1.84 +/- 0.16. After
the 4-hour race, MIBG studies showed
decreased myocardial uptake in all athletes,
and the HMR was 1.70 +/- 0.18 (p < 0.005). A
positive correlation between the percentage
of decrease of HMR after the race and the
distance covered was observed (r = .910, p <
0.001). Myocardial MIBG activity is
decreased by prolonged exercise in
long-distance runners. The degree of
reduction of myocardial MIBG activity is
related to the distance covered. Prolonged
exercise, as sustained sympathetic stimulus,
may alter myocardial distribution of MIBG.
Whether changes in the training schedule are
capable of modifying the daily pattern of
performance has been studies. Twelve
swimmers were selected to determine their
performance in 25 meter crawl races. Their
body temperature was also measured. This
group was subsequently divided into 3
subgroups: Sub-group 1, made up of 2
subjects who acted as the control subgroup,
trained only in the afternoon; Sub-group 2,
composed of 5 subjects, trained only in the
morning; and Subgroup 3, also made up of 5
subjects, trained in the afternoon but with
an additional session of 10 min of swimming
in the morning. All subjects followed their
corresponding training pattern for three
weeks after which they were subjected to a
second study or testing day. Thereafter,
they all trained one more week according to
the same habitual schedule in the evening;
after that, they were tested again. A
significant variance in the performance time
was observed throughout the day (a maximum
performance being observed at around 20:30
h), although the changes introduced in the
training schedule did not modify the curve
of performance.
Himalayan Sherpas are well known for their
extraordinary adaptation to high altitude
and some of them for their outstanding
physical performance during ascents to the
highest summits. To cast some light on this
subject, we evaluated the cardiorespiratory
response during exercise at sea level of six
of the most acknowledged Sherpa climbers,
mean age (±SD) 37 (±7) yr old. Continuous
electrocardiogram and breath-by-breath
pulmonary gas exchange until exhaustion were
obtained by following the Bruce protocol. We
detected a maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max )
of 66.7 (±3.7) mL.min -1 .kg -1 , maximal
cardiac frequency of 199 (±7) beats.min -1 ,
and ventilatory anaerobic threshold at 62
(±4) % of VO 2max . These factors could help
to explain the greater performance level
shown by several elite climbers of this
ethnic group. The high functional reserve
demonstrated by this very select group of
highlanders could be associated with natural
selection and with special physiological
adaptations probably induced by
long-training in a hostile environment.
Whether changes in the training schedule are
capable of modifying the daily pattern of
performance has been studies. Twelve
swimmers were selected to determine their
performance in 25 meter crawl races. Their
body temperature was also measured. This
group was subsequently divided into 3
subgroups: Sub-group 1, made up of 2
subjects who acted as the control subgroup,
trained only in the afternoon; Sub-group 2,
composed of 5 subjects, trained only in the
morning; and Subgroup 3, also made up of 5
subjects, trained in the afternoon but with
an additional session of 10 min of swimming
in the morning. All subjects followed their
corresponding training pattern for three
weeks after which they were subjected to a
second study or testing day. Thereafter,
they all trained one more week according to
the same habitual schedule in the evening;
after that, they were tested again. A
significant variance in the performance time
was observed throughout the day (a maximum
performance being observed at around 20:30
h), although the changes introduced in the
training schedule did not modify the curve
of performance.
1. The power of the aerobic metabolic
pathway correlates well with successful
physical performance in endurance sports
events. The ability to alter the pathway
through training presents well-known
limitations, and consequently a good genetic
endowment is essential to participate in
elite sporting activities. 2. In 32 subjects
(16 healthy pairs of male twin sportsmen, 8
monozygotic and 8 dizygotic) zygosity was
determined by means of the genetic analysis
of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) system
specificities at class I and II loci and
other genetic variants. The subjects
performed a progressive exercise test on a
treadmill to ascertain the maximal oxygen
uptake (VO2max), measured by an automatic
breath-by-breath analyser. We have
considered the relationship between the A, B
and C loci of the HLA system and VO2max. 3.
We found a high correlation between the
presence of both HLA A2 and A11 and VO2max.
In the A2A11 group (n = 6) we found a VO2max
(mean +/- SD) equal to 71 +/- 4 ml min-1
kg-1. The group without this pair of alleles
(n = 26) showed a much lower aerobic power
(58 +/- 5 ml min-1 kg-1). Differences
between the two groups were found to be
largely significant (P < 0.001). It is
noteworthy that in two pairs of dizygotic
twins, the higher VO2max value corresponded
to the twin with the A2A11 allele. 4. The
very marked concordance between the presence
of the A2A11 locus of the HLA system and the
VO2max could be of great interest for the
identification of outstanding performers.
To detect whether the drop in performance
around lunch has any direct association with
the time of food ingestion, a group of 8
sprinters were studied for 5 consecutive
Saturdays. On each testing day, the times
achieved during 80 meter sprints performed
at eight different times of the day
separated by 2 hour intervals were recorded.
The 1st and 4th testing days, had identical
sleep and mealtime schedules, and were
therefore considered "control days", while
on the 2nd and 3rd testing days the schedule
was brought forward ("advanced") or backward
("delayed") by 2 hours respectively. On the
5th testing day the sleep-wake cycle was
brought forward 2 hours without changing the
mealtime schedule. A post-lunch dip (PLD)
was detected on all testing days although at
different times. No significant differences
in performance were observed between days 1
and 4 while there were differences in
performance during the other testing days.
It is worth pointing out that PLD occurred
at about 15:00 h on the control days, with
significant differences between the 2nd (p <
0.05) and 3rd days (p < 0.05), and with the
deterioration in performance starting at
15:00 h on the 3rd day despite the fact that
lunch had been served at 16:00 h. In
conclusion, PLD does not appear to be
directly linked to the time of lunch,
although lunch itself could potentiate its
effects. It is also worth mentioning the
fact that this deteriorating effect does not
occur after any other meals of the day.
Himalayan Sherpas are well known for their
extraordinary adaptation to high altitude
and some of them for their outstanding
physical performance during ascents to the
highest summits. To cast light on this
subject, we evaluated the cardiorespiratory
response during exercise at sea level of six
of the most acknowledged Sherpa climbers,
mean age (+/- SD) 37 (+/- 7) yr old.
Continuous electrocardiogram and
breath-by-breath pulmonary gas exchange
until exhaustion were obtained by following
the Bruce protocol. We detected a maximal
oxygen uptake (VO2max) of 66.7 (+/- 3.7)
mL-min-1.kg-1, maximal cardiac frequency of
199 (+/- 7) beats.min-1, and ventilatory
anaerobic threshold at 62 (+/- 4) % of
VO2max. These factors could help to explain
the greater performance level shown by
several elite climbers of this ethnic group.
The high functional reserve demonstrated by
this very select group of highlanders could
be associated with natural selection and
with special physiological adaptations
probably induced by long-training in a
hostile environment.
|
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